This paper is on the management of political parties. It uses Botswana as a case study to demonstrate
the utility of formal and informal arrangements. Its argument is that informal mechanisms work well
when they supplement rather than replace or compete with formal arrangements. In this regard, the
paper’s first argument is that the ruling Botswana Democratic Party (BDP) has relied on both formal
and informal mechanisms of conflict resolution, and has as a result enjoyed better organizational
stability. It also argues that as for the opposition Botswana Peoples Party (BPP) and Botswana National
Front (BNF) one has both weak formal and informal mechanisms, and the other has allowed formal
and informal mechanisms to work against each other. In both opposition parties, informal mechanisms
were not relied upon to resolve internal conflicts, exposing them to political instability

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